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Shipping in the subantarctic
The Clipper Route followed by ships sailing between England and Australia/New Zealand
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the standard trade clipper route from Australia and New Zealand to Europe took a line-of-latitude route in the Southern Ocean. Ships would drop below the Roaring Forties (40S latitudes) to make use of the prevailing westerlies which carried them around Cape Horn. These winds could be strong and the waters treacherous; moreover, the scattering of islands were often poorly charted. For example, in 1868, Henry Armstrong of the Amherst notified the New Zealand Government that the commonly-used 1851 chart by James Imray placed the Auckland Islands 35 miles south of their true position. Regardless of the charts, the cloudy weather predominant in the area made navigation by sextant difficult, and the Auckland Islands lay directly within the standard route.
The Grafton, a schooner out of Sydney in search of tin deposits, ran aground in Carnley Harbour during a storm in January 1864; the five survivors lived in huts made from salvaged materials for 19 months before three of the crew made the journey successfully to Stewart Island in five days in the repaired ship's boat; Captain Musgrave then arranged a rescue of the remaining two castaways.
Establishment of patrols and depots
Following the discovery of the General Grant shipwreck survivors on Auckland Island in 1867, New Zealand's Southland provincial government, and some Australian states, instituted a number of emergency depots on the Auckland, Campbell, Antipodes and Bounty Islands. The initial expedition to establish the depots was lead by Henry Armstrong of the Amherst in 1868. The first wooden depot was established at Sandy Bay, Enderby Island. In 1877 the central New Zealand government took over the responsibility and managed the network of supply huts and cabins on their territorial islands to provide sustenance and emergency supplies. From 1877 to 1927 government steamers patrolled the depots, to check for survivors and to maintain the facilities. After this time, improved radio technology and the disuse of the 40S route for trade removed the need for the patrols and maintenance of depots. The steamer visits also encompassed and supplied a number of scientific expeditions, which allowed collections on observations on the islands to be made.
The government steamers, of which the NZGSS Hinemoa was one, made six-monthly patrols of the islands, maintaining the facilities, releasing animals and cutting firewood for the huts as needed.
Depots and island provisions
The curse of the widow and fatherless light upon the man that breaks open this box, whilst he has a ship at his back.
overnment warning on castaway depot
Government work crews built the supply depots out of various materials and to various sizes and designs. They were equipped with a range of emergency rations (tinned meat and biscuits), clothing, blankets, fishing equipment, medicine, matches and tools, and weapons and ammunition (to hunt food). Clothing was specially made out of durable, warm fabrics, and stored in metal drums. "Finger posts" (signposts) were set up on the island to direct castaways to the huts. Various animals were released onto the islands to breed and provide food for castaways. Pigs were released on the Auckland Islands from the early 1800s, followed later by goats on Auckland, Enderby, Ewing, and Ocean Island in the Auckland Group as well as on The Snares, the Antipodes and Campbell groups. Sheep were also widespread, and rabbits were released at Enderby and Auckland Island in 1840, and Rose Island in 1850. Cattle were temporarily farmed on Enderby Island, but had been released there earlier as castaway stock. Many of these animals died, but some survived into the twentieth century. These small populations remained isolated from other breeds, and consequently retain rare characteristics, such as the Auckland Island Pig, Enderby Island Cattle and the Enderby Island Rabbit. Efforts have been made by the Department of Conservation to transfer these from the islands to the New Zealand mainland, where they are monitored by the Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand, to restore the subantartic islands to their natural state. Before this move took place, the Auckland Island Goat became extinct.
Some islands were provided with boatsheds to enable survivors to reach other land or close castaway depots, such as the depot on Enderby Island which was replaced by a boat shed for survivors to reach the nearby Auckland Island. The survivors of the Derry Castle, in 1887, built a punt to carry them from Enderby Island to Auckland Island. Following their rescue, a government steamer moved the punt to a new boatshed on Rose Island (which lies south west of Enderby Island), for the use of any marooned there. After the collapse of the historic Rose Island boatshed in 1973, the punt was transferred to Enderby Island. It is now on display at the Southland Museum.
Some depots were targeted by thieves whalers and other ship men who saw the depots as a source of free food and provisions. Clothing was generally distinctively marked, so it could be identified, and warnings were painted on the huts to discourage raiding.
Depot locations
On the Auckland Islands, depots were established on the main island at the inner reaches of Norman Inlet, and at Erebus Cove, Port Ross (where there was also a boatshed). The boatshed and ruined depot are the only historical buildings left at Erebus cove. Also present in Erebus Cove is a southern rata tree (known as the Victoria Tree) with a carved inscription commemorating the routine castaway survey visit of the Australian government ship Victoria in 1865. Camp Cove, on Carnley Harbour, had a depot, shelter and boatshed. On Enderby Island, the Stella Hut was located inland from the later boat shed at Sandy Bay. Rose Island and Ewing Island had boatsheds. Signposts were located throughout the islands.
On the Campbell Islands, depots were located at Hut Cove, Anchorage Bay.
A depot was established on the rocky Bounty Islands. In 1891, while on a cruise on search of the missing ships Kakanui and Assaye, Captain Fairchild of the Hinemoa noted that the Bounty Island depot had been destroyed by waves, even though located 100 ft above sea level. Attempts were made to land wood for rebuilding, but bad weather prevented the completion of the task.
A number of these depots are still in situ and are managed by the Department of Conservation (DOC); these include the 1908 hut on Antipodes Island, the 1880 Stella Hut on Enderby Island, and the boatshed on Enderby. The 1890s castaway depot at Camp Cove, Carnley Harbour, on Auckland Island was identified in a 2003 DOC survey as "worthy of inclusion on the 'actively managed' list."DOC also maintain other historical sites on the islands, including shipwreck relics.
Notable castaways
New Zealand's sub-Antarctic islands (click to enlarge)
There were a total of nine shipwrecks leaving marooned castaways in the New Zealand sub-Antarctic between 1833 and 1908. Some survivors' lives were saved by the existence of the castaway depots. The Auckland Islands alone had eight known shipwrecks (including those without survivors) between 1864 and 1907, at the cost of 121 lives; a number of these are buried at the historic Enderby cemetery.
Following the institution of the depots, the first use was seen when the Derry Castle, an iron barque, was wrecked on Enderby Island on 20 March 1887. Eight of the 23 crew made it ashore. A depot was in place at Sandy Bay, but looters had removed all supplies but a bottle of salt, so the castaways subsisted on shellfish and a small quantity of wheat recovered from the wreck. After 92 days they discovered an axe head in the sand and were able to build a boat from the wreckage. Two men navigated the boat to nearby Erebus Cove, Port Ross on Auckland Island, where they obtained supplies from the government depot. Collecting the remaining men, the group lived at Port Ross until rescued by the sealer Awarua on 19 July and taken to Melbourne.
Four years later, on 19 March 1891, the barque Compadre was overwhelmed by fire onboard. With seas too rough to launch boats, the barque was driven onto the rocks off the North Cape of Auckland Island. All but one of the crew of 17 made it ashore and they obtained relief and sustenance from two nearby depots. Supplemented by the livestock released on the island, they survived in comparative good health until rescued 122 days later by the sealing schooner Janet Ramsay on 30 June, and carried to Bluff.
Less successfully, the 11 survivors of the Spirit of the Dawn (crew of 16) failed to find the depots after foundering on a reef off the Antipodes Islands in 1893. They subsisted on raw muttonbirds, mussels and roots for 87 days before gaining the attention of the government steamer Hinemoa by a flag made from their sail. The island is mountainous and their weak state prevented them searching the island for the depots.
The Auckland Group (click to enlarge)
The steel barque Anjou ran ashore on Auckland Island on 5 February 1905. The 22 crew made it ashore in Carnley Harbour on three of the ship's boats after rowing against strong currents. Ten days later they reached the depot at Camp Cove, which provided them with ample supplies as well as the shipping schedule of the Hinemoa so they knew how long they must wait for rescue. Captain Le Tellac commended the castaway arrangements, without which they would not have survived. Some supplies were missing however, later recovered from the house of Mr Glenning, leasee of the island. Reaching Norman Inlet on 7 May, Captain Bollons of the Hinemoa found traces of the castaways and was able to uplift them from the island and carried them to Dunedin. Sailors from the Compadre and the Anjou engraved their names on the Camp Cove depot.
On 6 March 1907, the steel barque Dundonald was wrecked on Disappointment Island, in the Auckland group. The island lacked a depot, and the 17 castaways (from a crew of 28) subsisted on what water and food they could find (mainly mollymawks and seals) and dug crude sand shelters. Using wood scavenged on the island and canvas from the ship's sails, they crafted a crude coracle to bear four men across the seven-mile strait to Auckland Island in search of depots. After the loss of two boats and after several attempts, they made a successful crossing to the island in October and journeyed across the island to the depot. They found a boat at the depot along with the supplies, so after making sails from their clothing, the four men sailed back to Disappointment Island to retrieve their shipmates and return to the depot. With gun and ammunition, the castaways were able to supplement their diet with wild cattle caught on Rose and Enderby Islands. They were picked up by the Hinemoa on 16 November, and, once Captain Bollons had completed his steamship's survey of the Campbell and Antipodes Islands, were taken to Bluff.
The last crew of castaways to obtain relief from the depots were the 22 crew from the French barque President Flix Faure, which was wrecked off the North Cape of the main island of the Antipodes Islands on 13 March 1908. Their lifeboat was broken by waves and all their stores lost, but the full complement of crew made it ashore not far from one of the depots. When supplies ran out, they hunted albatrosses, penguins and a calf - the sole remnant of the cattle set ashore earlier by the Hinemoa. They were rescued by the warship HMS Pegasus, which was alerted by the smoke from their fires. They reached Lyttelton on 15 May, and the carried to Sydney, from where they obtained passage back to France.
Notes
^ a b c d e f g Scadden, Ken (updated 21-Sep-2007). Castaways. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/SeaAndAirTransport/Castaways/en. Retrieved 11-3-2009.Â
^ a b Allen, p. 54
^ a b c d Peat, p. 80
^ a b c d Te Papa museum: Castaway clothing exhibit
^ Peat, p. 17
^ a b c d Peat, p. 81
^ a b Rubin, p. 176
^ Peat, p. 70
^ Peat, p. 83
^ a b c Peat, p. 66
^ Peat, pp. 66 7
^ a b DOC: Stella Hut
^ Fraser, p. 176
^ Fraser, p. 67
^ a b c Fraser, p. 101
^ a b c Peat, p. 79
^ Fraser, p. 112
^ Fraser, p. 74
^ "Cruise of the Hinemoa", The Brisbane Courier Tuesday 7 April 1891, p. 3
^ a b DOC:Antipodes Island castaway depot
^ DOC:Enderby boatshed
^ a b Peat, p. 65
^ a b c Ingram et al, pp. 25960
^ Ingram et al, pp. 2745
^ Ingram et al, pp. 2823
^ Ingram et al, pp. 322323
^ MNZ-2539-1/2-F: Provision depot for castaways, Camp Cove, Auckland Islands - Photograph taken by Samuel Page .1907. Alexander Turnbull Library
^ Ingram et al, pp. 3315
^ Ingram et al, pp. 33940
References
Allen, Madelene Ferguson (1997) Wake of the Invercaud, Auckland: Exisle Publishing Ltd, ISBN 0908988028
Fraser, Conon, (1986) Beyond the Roaring Forties: New Zealand's Subantarctic Islands, Wellington: Government Printing Office, ISBN 0477013627
Ingram, Charles William; Wheatley, Percy Owen; Diggle, Lynton; Diggle, Edith; Gordon, Keith; (2007) New Zealand Shipwrecks: Over 200 Years of Disasters at Sea, 8th Edition, Auckland: Hodder Moa, ISBN 9781869710934
Peat, Neville (2003) Subantarctic New Zealand: A Rare Heritage, Invercargill: Department of Conservation, ISBN 0478140886
Rubin, Jeff, (2005) Antarctica, Lonely Planet Publications ISBN 9781740590945, available online
Categories: Maritime history of New Zealand | Sub-Antarctic islands | Castaways
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